A Productivity Model of City Crowdedness

By Jordan Rappaport
June 2006
RWP 06-06
Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City


Abstract

Population density varies widely across U.S. cities. A simple, static general equilibrium model suggests that moderate-sized differences in cities’ total factor productivity can account for such variation. Nevertheless, the productivity required to sustain above-average population densities considerably exceeds estimates of the increase in productivity caused by such high density. In contrast, increasing returns to scale may be able to sustain multiple equilibria at below-average population densities.
 

Keywords: Population density, productivity, urban agglomeration

JEL classification: O400, R120, R130


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