Economic Review



The Economic Review is a quarterly research publication with articles by Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City staff on issues of relevance to the Federal Reserve, including macroeconomics and monetary policy, regional and international economics, banking, financial markets, and payments systems.  For paper copies of previous issues of the Economic Review you can order onlineTo receive e-mail notification when new Economic Review articles are posted, sign up in our E-alert system.

Articles Organized by year or by topic: Banking and financial markets  | Monetary policy and macroeconomics  |  Speeches and symposium presentations  |  International economics  |  Payments SystemsRegional/rural/agricultural economics


Monetary policy and macroeconomics

2009

Was Monetary Policy Optimal During Past Deflation Scares?
Roberto M. Billi          (Summary | Article PDF 858K)

Beyond Inflation Targeting: Should Central Banks Target the Price Level?
George A. Kahn         (Summary | Article PDF 455K)

How Will Unemployment Fare Following the Recession?
Edward S. Knotek II and Stephen Terry     (Summary  |   Article   PDF 876K)

Financial Stress: What Is It, How Can It Be Measured, and Why Does It Matter?
Craig S. Hakkio and William R. Keeton     (Summary  |   Article   PDF 680K)


2008

Detecting Recessions in the Great Moderation: A Real-Time Analysis
Troy Davig    (Summary  |  Article  PDF 975K)

The Affordability of Homeownershp to Middle-Income Americans
Jordan Rappaport    (Summary  |  Article  PDF 569K)

Monetary Policy Transparency and Private Sector Forecasts: Evidence from Survey Data
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr.  (Summary | Article  PDF 842K)

Is Commercial Real Estate Reliving the 1980s and 1990s?
C. Alan Garner   (Summary | Article  PDF 826K)

What Is the Optimal Inflation Rate?
Roberto M. Billi and George A. Kahn   (Summary | Article  PDF 407K)

Maintaining Stability in a Changing Financial System: Some Lessons Relearned Again?
Thomas M. Hoenig   (Summary | Article  PDF 122K)

Has the Behavior of Inflation and Long-Term Inflation Expectations Changed?
Todd E. Clark and Taisuke Nakata   (Summary | Article  PDF 1,024K)

PCE and CPI Inflation Differential: Converting Inflation Forecasts
Craig S. Hakkio   (Summary | Article  PDF 506K)


2007

How Useful is Okun's Law?
Edward S. Knotek, II,  Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 364K)

Booms and Busts: The Case of Subprime Mortgages
Edward M. Gramlich, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 51K)

Rising Foreclosures in the United States: A Perfect Storm
Kelly D. Edmiston and Roger Zalneraitis, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 294K)

The Role of Money in Monetary Policy: Why Do the Fed and ECB See It So Differently?
George A. Kahn and Scott Benolkin, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 294K)

Work and Taxes: Allocation of Time in OECD Countries
Lee Ohanian, Andrea Raffo, and Richard Rogerson, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 194K 

A Guide to Aggregate House Price Measures
Jordan Rappaport, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 167K)

Communicating a Policy Path: The Next Frontier in Central Bank Transparency?
George A. Kahn, First Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 106K

What Happened to the Gains From Strong Productivity Growth?
Jonathan L. Willis and Julie Wroblewski    (Summary | Article  PDF 111K


2006

Middle-Income Tax Rates: Trends and Prospects
Troy A. Davig and C. Alan Garner, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 186K

Should the Decline in the Personal Saving Rate Be a Cause for Concern?
C. Alan Garner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 121K 

Liquidity Risk Premia and Breakeven Inflation Rates
Pu Shen, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 125K)

Social Security and Medicare: The Impending Fiscal Challenge
Craig Hakkio and Elisha Wiseman, First Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 263K

The Trend Growth Rate of Employment: Past, Present, and Future
Todd E. Clark and Taisuke Nakata, First Quarter    (Summary | Article  PDF 258K)


2005

Longer-Term Perspective on the Yield Curve and Monetary Policy
Sharon Kozicki and Gordon H. Sellon Jr., Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 213K)

Does Immigration Reduce Imbalances Among Labor Markets or Increase Them? Evidence from Recent Migration Flows
William R. Keeton and Geoffrey B. Newton, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 180K)

Jobless Recoveries and the Wait-and-See Hypothesis
Stacey L. Schreft, Aarti Singh, and Ashley Hodgson, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 170K)

Consumption Taxes: Macroeconomic Effects and Policy Issues
C. Alan Garner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 170K)


2004

Expectations and the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 271K)

Offshoring in the Service Sector:  Economic Impact and Policy Issues
C. Alan Garner, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 228K)

An Evaluation of the Decline in Goods Inflation
Todd E. Clark, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 296K)

What Impact Will E-Commerce Have on the U.S. Economy?
Jonathan L. Willis, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 193K)

How Do Data Revisions Affect the Evaluation and Conduct of Monetary Policy?
Sharon Kozicki, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 343K)
Real-time CBO data used in the article (Excel, 144K)


2003

Monetary Policy and the Zero Bound: Policy Options When Short-Term Rates Reach Zero
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 276K)

A Closer Look at Jobless Recoveries
Stacey L. Schreft and Aarti Singh, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 101K)

Implications of Structural Changes in the U.S. Economy for Pricing Behavior and Inflation Dynamics
Jonathan L. Willis, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 144K)


2002

The Puzzle of Later Male Retirement 
Richard Johnson, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 106K)

Consumer Confidence After September 11
C. Alan Garner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 195K)

The Changing U.S. Financial System: Some Implications for the Monetary Transmission Mechanism 
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 202K)


2000

Monetary Policy and Asset Prices
Andrew J. Filardo, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 248K)

The Role of Forecasts in Monetary Policy
Jeffery D. Amato and Thomas Laubach, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 86K)

The Discount Window: Time for Reform?
Craig S. Hakkio and Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 227K)

An Inflation Report for 1999
C. Alan Garner, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 106K)


1999

A Comparison of the CPI and the PCE Price Index
Todd E. Clark, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 163K)

The Value of Interest Rate Smoothing: How the Private Sector Helps the Federal Reserve
Jeffery D. Amato and Thomas Laubach, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 120K)

How Useful Are Taylor Rules for Monetary Policy?
Sharon Kozicki, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 358K)

How Reliable Are Recession Prediction Models?
Andrew J. Filardo, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 300K)

Progress Toward Price Stability: A 1998 Inflation Report
C. Alan Garner, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 115K)


1998

The Longevity of Expansions
Joseph H. Haimowitz, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 134K)

How Important Is the Inflation Risk Premium?
Pu Shen, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 106K)

Conducting Monetary Policy with Inflation Targets
George A. Kahn and Klara Parrish, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 342K)

New Evidence on the Output Cost of Fighting Inflation
Andrew J. Filardo, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 225K)

A Closer Look at the Employment Cost Index
C. Alan Garner, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 166K)

Has the Surge in Computer Spending Fundamentally Changed the Economy?
Joseph H. Haimowitz, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 93K)

Progress Toward Price Stability: A 1997 Inflation Report
Todd E. Clark, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 72K)


1997

Predicting Real Growth and Inflation with the Yield Spread
Sharon Kozicki, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 129K)

Social Security Privatization: Balancing Efficiency and Fairness
C. Alan Garner, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 91K)

Does the Yield Spread Predict Real Economic Activity? Multicountry Analysis
Catherine Bonser-Neal and Timothy R. Morley, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 94K)

Monetary Policy Without Reserve Requirements: Case Studies and Options for the United States
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr. and Stuart E. Weiner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 575K)

Cyclical Implications of the Declining Manufacturing Employment Share
Andrew J. Filardo, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 248K)

U.S. Inflation Developments in 1996
Todd E. Clark, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 157K)

The Productivity Growth Slowdown: Diverging Trends in the Manufacturing and Service Sectors
Sharon Kozicki, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 88K)


1996

Monetary Policy Without Reserve Requirements: Analytical Issues
Gordon H. Sellon, Jr. and Stuart E. Weiner, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 378K)

Can Measures of the Consumer Debt Burden Reliably Predict an Economic Slowdown?
C. Alan Garner, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 73K)

How Would a Flat Tax Affect Small Businesses?
John E. Golob, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 100K)

The Outlook for Housing: The Role of Demographic and Cyclical Factors
Andrew J. Filardo, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 147K)

The Long-Run Costs of Moderate Inflation
Gregory D. Hess and Charles S. Morris, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 262K)

U.S. Inflation Developments in 1995
Todd E. Clark, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 177K)


1995

Has the Productivity Trend Steepened in the 1990s?
Andrew J. Filardo, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 137K)

Monetary Policy Actions and Long-Term Interest Rates
V. Vance Roley and Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 143K)

Do Producer Prices Lead Consumer Prices?
Todd E. Clark, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 150K)

How Useful Are Leading Indicators of Inflation?
C. Alan Garner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 106K)

Challenges to the Natural Rate Framework
Stuart E. Weiner, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 43K)

Recent Evidence on the Muted Inventory Cycle
Andrew J. Filardo, Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 133K)

Bank Lending and Monetary Policy: Evidence on a Credit Channel
Charles S. Morris and Gordon H. Sellon, Jr., Second Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 123K)

Progress Toward Price Stability: A Report Card for 1994
George A. Kahn, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 94K)


1994

Capacity Utilization and U.S. Inflation
C. Alan Garner, Fourth Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 98K)

The Natural Rate and Inflationary Pressures
Stuart E. Weiner, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 36K)

Nominal GDP Targeting Rules: Can They Stabilize the Economy?
Todd E. Clark, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 120K)

Does Inflation Uncertainty Increase with Inflation?
John E. Golob, Third Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 98K)

Achieving Price Stability: A 1993 Report Card
George A. Kahn, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 81K)

Fiscal Policies Aimed at Spurring Capital Formation: A Framework for Analysis
Robert S. Chirinko and Charles Morris, First Quarter    (Summary | Article PDF 72K)


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